Which psychosocial factor is identified as potentially exacerbating perinatal mood and anxiety disorders (PMADs)?

High expectations and/or perfectionism can significantly contribute to the exacerbation of perinatal mood and anxiety disorders (PMADs). Individuals who set excessively high standards for themselves may experience intense pressure, leading to feelings of inadequacy and anxiety when those expectations are not met. During the perinatal period, the physical, emotional, and social changes can make it more challenging for individuals to maintain the high standards they impose on themselves, potentially resulting in increased stress and diminishing mental health.

This factor can lead to a cycle of negative self-assessment, increased anxiety about parenting, and a heightened risk of developing mood disorders. Unlike stable family relationships or access to healthcare, which generally serve protective roles, high expectations can create a breeding ground for anxiety and depression during a time that is already fraught with change and vulnerability.