Which of the following issues could exacerbate PMAD risk in trans gestational parents?

Discrimination can significantly exacerbate the risk of perinatal mood and anxiety disorders (PMADs) in trans gestational parents. The stress associated with discrimination—whether it be based on gender identity, sexual orientation, or other factors—can lead to increased feelings of anxiety, depression, and social isolation during the perinatal period. This marginalized experience can result in a lack of access to appropriate healthcare, reduced social support, and heightened vulnerability to mental health issues.

In contrast, supportive healthcare, robust social support, and stable mental health serve to mitigate risks. Supportive healthcare can provide essential resources and interventions in a manner that respects the individual's identity and needs. Robust social support can buffer against stress, providing emotional and practical help, thereby promoting overall well-being. Moreover, stable mental health before conception and during the perinatal period creates a protective factor, allowing trans gestational parents to cope more effectively with the challenges they face. Therefore, discrimination stands out as a significant risk factor that can worsen PMADs in this population.