Which of the following is an indirect effect of untreated perinatal depression?

Untreated perinatal depression can lead to a variety of negative outcomes for both the mother and the infant. One of the indirect effects of untreated perinatal depression is a higher Body Mass Index (BMI). Mothers experiencing perinatal depression may struggle with self-care, including maintaining a balanced diet and regular physical activity. This can contribute to unhealthy weight gain or obesity during and after pregnancy, resulting in a higher BMI.

In addition, untreated perinatal depression can impact the mother’s ability to engage in healthy behaviors, which may further affect her physical health. On the other hand, enhanced prenatal care, increased breastfeeding duration, and improved infant safety care are usually considered positive outcomes that might occur with effective treatment and support rather than from untreated depression. Thus, while all of these factors relate to maternal and infant wellbeing, a higher BMI directly reflects the adverse impact of untreated perinatal depression.