Which factor may complicate perinatal drug research?

The presence of confounding factors such as socioeconomic status (SES) and genetics is a significant complication in perinatal drug research because these factors can greatly influence the outcomes of a study. SES can affect access to healthcare, nutrition, and support systems, which can, in turn, impact both maternal and fetal health. Genetics may also play a role in how individuals respond to medications and could vary widely among different populations. When these confounding factors are not controlled for, they can obscure the true effects of the drug being studied, leading to potentially misleading conclusions.

In contrast, other factors such as strict age limits on study participants or exclusively male participants may result in a lack of generalizability or specific biases, but they do not inherently complicate the understanding of how drugs affect perinatal health as directly as confounding factors do. Additionally, a uniform response to medications would suggest consistency among participants, reducing complexity rather than adding to it in the context of drug research.