Which detrimental outcomes can result from untreated PMADs related to children?

Untreated Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders (PMADs) can significantly affect children's development, particularly concerning early brain development. Research shows that maternal mental health struggles during the perinatal period can have a cascading effect on the child's cognitive, emotional, and social development.

When a mother experiences untreated PMADs, it can lead to increased stress levels and impaired attachment with her child. This can result in issues such as developmental delays and difficulties in emotional regulation for the child. Moreover, early brain development is critical, especially within the first few years of life, and the influence of maternal mental health during this time is profound. Children may show signs of behavioral problems, learning difficulties, and even poor social skills if their mother's mental health needs are not appropriately addressed.

In contrast, the other choices presented do not align with the known outcomes of untreated PMADs. While increased academic performance, improved parenting skills, and higher social engagement may be positive indicators of a healthy environment, they are unlikely outcomes for children experiencing the adverse effects associated with untreated maternal mental health challenges. Thus, early brain development issues are a well-documented and recognized outcome linked to the presence of untreated PMADs.