What might be one direct effect of high levels of cortisol during pregnancy?

High levels of cortisol during pregnancy can have significant implications for maternal and fetal health. Cortisol, often referred to as the "stress hormone," is released in response to stress and plays a role in various bodily functions. One direct effect of elevated cortisol levels is the potential to overwhelm placental defenses.

During pregnancy, the placenta serves as a critical barrier and interface between the mother and the fetus, helping to regulate hormonal and nutrient exchange while also protecting the fetus from stressors. However, excessive cortisol can compromise this protective mechanism. High levels of cortisol may lead to an increase in fetal exposure to stress hormones, which can adversely affect fetal development, leading to complications such as low birth weight, preterm birth, or even developmental issues.

In contrast, increased maternal energy, stabilization of fetal development, and reduced anxiety symptoms in the child are not direct outcomes of high cortisol levels. Elevated cortisol is more likely to result in stress-related negative outcomes rather than improvements in energy, fetal stability, or reductions in anxiety. Thus, the overwhelming of placental defenses is a strong and pertinent consequence of high cortisol levels during pregnancy.