What is a common social risk factor for PMADs?

Inadequate partner support is recognized as a significant social risk factor for perinatal mood and anxiety disorders (PMADs). During the perinatal period, individuals often face various stressors and challenges, and the support of a partner can play a critical role in buffering against these difficulties. A lack of adequate emotional, physical, or practical support from a partner can exacerbate feelings of overwhelm, isolation, and distress, making it more likely for someone to experience PMADs.

Partners can provide essential help by sharing caregiving responsibilities, offering emotional reassurance, and contributing to a positive family environment. When such support is insufficient, the individual may struggle more with the demands of new parenthood, leading to an increased risk of developing a mood or anxiety disorder. This highlights the importance of assessing the social support networks of perinatal individuals to help identify those at higher risk for PMADs and to provide necessary interventions.

Other options presented, such as excessive leisure time, joint family living, and high income stability, do not typically align with the primary social risk factors associated with PMADs. For instance, excessive leisure time does not contribute to stress but rather might offer opportunities for self-care. Joint family living can provide additional support and resources,