What hormones typically increase in fathers during the perinatal period?

During the perinatal period, there is a notable change in hormone levels for fathers as they transition into parenthood. The correct answer references cortisol, estradiol, vasopressin, prolactin, and oxytocin as hormones that typically increase in fathers during this time.

Cortisol, known as the stress hormone, may rise in response to the new responsibilities and stresses of parenthood, preparing fathers to face any challenges that come with caring for a newborn. Estradiol, which is often associated with female reproductive functions, can also increase in new fathers, suggesting a role in nurturing behaviors.

Vasopressin is linked to social bonding and parental behaviors, and elevated levels in fathers can enhance their connection to their offspring. Prolactin, commonly associated with lactation in mothers, is also found in fathers and may contribute to caregiving behaviors. Finally, oxytocin, often referred to as the "bonding hormone," promotes attachment and nurturing; its increase supports the emotional connection between the father and child, reinforcing paternal behaviors.

These hormonal changes can be viewed as supportive adaptations that help fathers engage more fully with their newborns, reflecting the physiological shifts that accompany the transition to parenthood. The other options do not