What factor did NOT contribute to variability in PMAD prevalence rates?

The factor that did not contribute to variability in perinatal mood and anxiety disorders (PMAD) prevalence rates is the location of birth. This option suggests that where a person gives birth does not inherently influence the likelihood of experiencing PMAD.

In contrast, timing of screening can significantly influence prevalence rates, as earlier or later assessments may yield different results based on how symptoms develop or are identified. Cultural context plays a crucial role because societal attitudes towards mental health, stigma, and support systems can affect both the reported incidence of PMAD and how individuals seek help. Cut-offs on objective measures, such as standardized screening tools, can also lead to discrepancies in prevalence rates based on how symptoms are quantified and categorized, potentially affecting whether individuals are diagnosed.

Thus, the location of birth itself is not a determining factor in the variability of PMAD prevalence, but rather the context in which individuals are assessed and the tools used to identify mental health concerns are far more influential.